Emptying a museum is a gargantuan task, and the entire workforce of the Andrey Sheptytsky National Museum in Lviv had been at it for a week before the final piece – a century-old portrait of the museum’s namesake – was taken down, leaving the last of its walls bare.
Ihor Kozhan, the director of the grand gallery opposite Lviv’s opera house, explained the rush.
“There is an egomaniac in Moscow who doesn’t care about killing children, let alone destroying art,” he said. “If our history and heritage are to survive, all art must go underground.”
Across Ukraine, artists, gallerists, curators and museum directors are desperately but carefully unhooking, wrapping and stashing away the country’s hefty cultural endowment as Vladimir Putin’s onslaught closes in. Statues, stained-glass windows and monuments are being covered with shrapnel-proof material. Basement bunkers are crammed with paintings.
As Russian bombardments have so far been heavier in the eastern half of the country, two of Ukraine’s richest cities in terms of cultural heritage, Lviv and Odesa, have had the benefit of extra time. Volunteers in the latter, for instance, took days to stack hundreds of sandbags around a monument to the Duke of Richelieu, a Frenchman who was one of the cosmopolitan port city’s founders. Just his head and his outstretched right arm remain uncovered.
Kyiv and Kharkiv, the country’s two biggest cities, were struck early in the war and have already suffered devastating losses.
The windows of Kharkiv’s main art museum have been blown out, subjecting the 25,000 artworks inside to freezing temperatures and snow for weeks. The city’s opera and ballet theatres were extensively shelled.
Twenty-five works by one of Ukraine’s most celebrated painters, Maria Prymachenko, famed for her colourful representation of Ukrainian folklore and rural life, were burned when Russians bombed the museum housing them in a town outside Kyiv. Other museums in the capital are boarded up, their works still inside because those who would have evacuated them have fled.
“City centres are seriously damaged, some of which have sites and monuments that date back to the 11th century,” Lazare Eloundou, the director of the United Nations’ world heritage program, told reporters last week. “It is a whole cultural life that risks disappearing.”
The deliberate destruction of a country’s or culture’s heritage is considered a war crime, but Unesco has not yet cancelled its next summit, which is scheduled to take place in Russia.
As Russian troops attempt to encircle Odesa, the Fine Arts Museum there has encircled itself with razor wire.
“Trust me, it looks really wild to me, too,” said Kirill Lipatov, the museum’s director of science.
As in Lviv’s museums, the walls inside are now bare, Lipatov said, but he declined to reveal whether its most valuable works had been evacuated outside of the city. Some of the pieces were painted inside the museum – an ornate palace dating back to the 1820s – and have never left it, including 19-century Russian works by Ivan Aivazovsky and Ilya Repin.
“The first thought that came to mind for me is that a Ukrainian museum is protecting Russian masterpieces from Russian aggression,” Lipatov said. “I can’t wrap my head around it.”
Even as they struggled to believe it, museum directors also said their plight was hardly unfamiliar. Ukraine has been stripped of artwork by invaders multiple times over the past century.
The collection from the National Museum in Lviv has been taken down and placed in a safe area
After Russia’s invasion and annexation of Crimea in 2014, dozens of works that were located on the peninsula were transferred to Russian museums. During the Second World War, thousands of works were taken by Nazi soldiers to Germany. A portrait of Yakov Galkin, the director who evacuated Odesa’s Fine Arts Museum during the Second World War, hangs in Lipatov’s office.
Saving art was secondary only to saving lives, many of those interviewed said, because Ukrainians’ pride in their culture serves as a deep well of inspiration for its resistance to invasion. Putin has made it clear that he considers Ukraine to be part of greater Russia, a contention artists here say denies Ukraine’s distinct heritage.
“With each invasion, some loss of culture is inevitable,” said Taras Voznyak, director of the Lviv National Art Gallery. “Putin knows that without art, without our history, Ukraine will have a weaker identity. That is the whole point of his war – to erase us and assimilate us into his population of cryptofascist zombies.”
While museums often have their own bunkers, or wider networks in Europe they can rely on to house some of their art, independent galleries and artists are relying on each other.
Statues, sculptures, and stained-glass windows are being protected in the Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption in Lviv
Anna Potyomkina prepares the works of Fedir Tetianych for shelter
